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Care pathways for “Severe breathlessness”
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Common Medical Emergencies
Common symptoms and conditions in common medical emergencies.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →DepartmentGeneral Medicine & Internal Medicine
Symptom-based evaluation and non-surgical treatment for adult medical conditions.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideThalassaemia
An inherited haemoglobin disorder ranging from mild trait to severe transfusion-dependent anaemia.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Clinical CaseSevere ARDS Supported with Lung-Protective Ventilation
Severe respiratory failure was managed with structured ventilator care, infection treatment and continuous organ-support monitoring.
Open page →Medical GuideViral Fever
Fever and body symptoms caused by a viral infection, often self-limited but requiring assessment when severe.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDengue
A mosquito-borne viral infection that can cause high fever, body ache and low platelets.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCOVID-19
A respiratory viral infection ranging from mild illness to pneumonia and severe systemic disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDiabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A dangerous diabetes emergency caused by severe insulin deficiency and acid buildup.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS)
A severe high-glucose emergency with profound dehydration, usually in type 2 diabetes.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideGout
Inflammatory arthritis caused by uric-acid crystals, often producing sudden severe joint pain.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHypertension
Persistently raised blood pressure that can silently damage the heart, brain, kidneys and blood vessels.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHigh Blood Pressure
Another common term for hypertension—blood pressure repeatedly above the recommended range.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCoronary Artery Disease
Narrowing of arteries that supply the heart muscle, usually due to cholesterol-containing plaque.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAngina
Chest discomfort caused by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHeart Attack
Sudden damage to heart muscle from a blocked coronary artery.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHeart Failure
A condition in which the heart cannot pump or fill efficiently, causing breathlessness, fatigue and fluid retention.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideArrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms that may be too fast, slow or irregular.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePalpitations
Awareness of the heartbeat as racing, pounding, fluttering or skipped beats; causes range from benign to serious.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that may impair pumping, relaxation or rhythm.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePericarditis
Inflammation of the sac around the heart, often causing sharp chest pain.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAsthma
A chronic inflammatory airway condition causing reversible episodes of wheeze, cough and breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideCOPD
A chronic lung disease, often related to smoking, that causes persistent airflow limitation and breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePneumonia
Infection of lung tissue that can cause fever, cough, chest pain and low oxygen.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcute Bronchitis
Short-term inflammation of the breathing tubes, usually viral, causing cough and chest congestion.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideChronic Bronchitis
Long-standing productive cough caused by chronic airway irritation, commonly associated with smoking and COPD.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePleural Effusion
Abnormal fluid collection around a lung due to infection, heart, kidney, liver or other disease.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis affecting the lungs, commonly causing prolonged cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideInterstitial Lung Disease
A group of disorders causing inflammation or scarring of lung tissue and progressive breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePulmonary Embolism
A blood clot blocking an artery in the lungs, often causing sudden breathlessness and chest pain.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideRespiratory Failure
A critical condition in which the lungs cannot maintain enough oxygen or remove carbon dioxide.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe upper-abdominal pain and often requiring admission.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideUrinary Tract Infection
Infection of the bladder or urinary system causing burning, frequency and sometimes fever or flank pain.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcute Kidney Injury
A sudden fall in kidney function due to dehydration, infection, obstruction, medicines or critical illness.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideChronic Kidney Disease
Long-term reduction in kidney function, commonly caused by diabetes or hypertension.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideNephrotic Syndrome
A kidney-filter disorder causing heavy protein loss in urine, swelling and low blood protein.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideGlomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney filters, sometimes causing blood in urine, swelling and high blood pressure.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideElectrolyte Disorders
Abnormal sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium levels that may affect muscles, brain and heart rhythm.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideKidney Stones (Medical Management)
Non-surgical evaluation and treatment of selected urinary stones using hydration, pain control and medicines when safe.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideDementia
Progressive decline in memory and thinking severe enough to affect daily independence.
NeurologyOpen page →Medical GuideAnaemia
A lower-than-healthy haemoglobin level that reduces oxygen delivery and causes fatigue, pallor or breathlessness.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideIron Deficiency Anaemia
Anaemia caused by insufficient iron, often related to blood loss, diet, pregnancy or absorption problems.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideVitamin B12 Deficiency
Low vitamin B12 causing anaemia and sometimes numbness, balance or memory symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideThrombocytopenia
A low platelet count that may increase bruising or bleeding risk depending on severity and cause.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLeukemia
Cancer of blood-forming cells causing abnormal white cells and effects on normal blood production.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic system that may cause persistent lymph-node swelling, fever, night sweats or weight loss.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideBleeding Disorders
Inherited or acquired conditions that impair clotting and cause excessive or prolonged bleeding.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDrug Allergy
An immune reaction to a medicine, ranging from rash to severe anaphylaxis.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideBreathlessness
A feeling of difficult or insufficient breathing caused by lung, heart, blood, metabolic or anxiety-related problems.
PulmonologyOpen page →Clinical CaseSevere Septic Shock Managed with Multiorgan Support
A rapidly deteriorating infection was managed through early recognition, protocol-based resuscitation, organ monitoring and coordinated critical-care support.
Open page →Clinical CaseSevere Dengue Shock with Multiple-Organ Dysfunction
A severe mosquito-borne infection with shock and organ involvement was managed through close fluid titration and critical-care monitoring.
Open page →Clinical CaseSevere Snake-Bite Envenomation Managed as a Medical Emergency
Progressive envenomation was recognised early and managed with protocol-based antivenom, organ monitoring and critical-care readiness.
Open page →Clinical CaseHigh-Risk Pregnancy with Severe Preeclampsia
Severe pregnancy-related hypertension was managed through maternal stabilisation, fetal assessment and coordinated delivery planning.
Open page →Symptom GuideRespiratory Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in respiratory symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →DepartmentPulmonology
Care for breathing, lung and sleep-related respiratory concerns.
PulmonologyOpen page →DepartmentAnaesthesia & Critical Care
Peri-operative anaesthesia, ICU and high-dependency clinical support.
Anaesthesia & Critical CareOpen page →DepartmentJoint Replacement Clinic
Evaluation, surgery and rehabilitation planning for advanced hip and knee disease.
Joint Replacement ClinicOpen page →ProcedureOpen Cholecystectomy
Gallbladder removal through a larger abdominal incision when an open approach is safer.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureFissure Surgery (Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy)
A small procedure to reduce anal spasm in a chronic fissure.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureExploratory Laparotomy
Open abdominal surgery to diagnose and treat a serious intra-abdominal problem.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureHollow Viscus Perforation Surgery
Emergency repair of a hole in the stomach or intestine.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedurePeritonitis Surgery
Source-control surgery for severe infection inside the abdomen.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureOrchidectomy
Removal of a testicle when medically necessary.
UrologyOpen page →ProcedureFracture Fixation
Surgical alignment and stabilisation of a broken bone.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →ProcedureExternal Fixation
Temporary or definitive stabilisation of a fracture using an external frame.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →ProcedureLigament Repair
Repair or reconstruction of a damaged stabilising ligament.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →ProcedureTotal Knee Replacement
Replacement of damaged knee surfaces to reduce pain and improve function.
Joint Replacement ClinicOpen page →ProcedureTotal Hip Replacement
Replacement of a damaged hip joint to reduce pain and improve mobility.
Joint Replacement ClinicOpen page →ProcedureURS (Ureteroscopy)
Endoscopic treatment of selected ureteric stones.
UrologyOpen page →ProcedureTotal Abdominal Hysterectomy
Removal of the uterus through an abdominal incision.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →ProcedureOvarian Cyst Surgery
Removal of a selected ovarian cyst, preserving healthy ovary where possible.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →ProcedureChest Tube Insertion
Placement of a tube into the chest to drain air, blood or infected fluid.
Anaesthesia & Critical CareOpen page →ProcedureTemporary Pacemaker Assistance
Emergency coordination and assistance for temporary pacing when the heart rate is dangerously slow.
CardiologyOpen page →ProcedureEmergency Tracheostomy
Creation of a breathing opening in the neck when prolonged or emergency airway access is needed.
Anaesthesia & Critical CareOpen page →ProcedureFasciotomy
Urgent release of dangerously high pressure within a limb compartment.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →Hospital ServiceHeadache Clinic
Structured assessment for recurrent, severe or unusual headaches.
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