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Care pathways for “Chronic liver disease”
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Common Chronic Diseases
Common symptoms and conditions in common chronic diseases.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →DepartmentGeneral Medicine & Internal Medicine
Symptom-based evaluation and non-surgical treatment for adult medical conditions.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLeptospirosis
A bacterial infection linked to contaminated water or animal urine that can affect liver, kidney and lungs.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePleural Effusion
Abnormal fluid collection around a lung due to infection, heart, kidney, liver or other disease.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideIrritable Bowel Syndrome
A chronic gut–brain interaction disorder causing abdominal pain with altered bowel habits without structural damage.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideAnaemia
A lower-than-healthy haemoglobin level that reduces oxygen delivery and causes fatigue, pallor or breathlessness.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLifestyle Disease Prevention
A structured plan to reduce diabetes, hypertension, obesity, fatty liver and cardiovascular risk.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideFever
A temporary rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection or inflammation.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideViral Fever
Fever and body symptoms caused by a viral infection, often self-limited but requiring assessment when severe.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDengue
A mosquito-borne viral infection that can cause high fever, body ache and low platelets.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideMalaria
A mosquito-borne parasitic infection that may cause fever with chills, anaemia and organ complications.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideTyphoid
A bacterial infection acquired through contaminated food or water, causing persistent fever and digestive symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideChikungunya
A mosquito-borne viral illness known for fever and prominent joint pain.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideInfluenza
A contagious viral respiratory illness causing fever, cough, body ache and fatigue.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCOVID-19
A respiratory viral infection ranging from mild illness to pneumonia and severe systemic disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideTuberculosis
A bacterial infection that commonly affects the lungs but can involve other organs and needs prolonged supervised treatment.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideSepsis
A life-threatening organ response to infection requiring urgent hospital treatment.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideScrub Typhus
A mite-borne bacterial infection that may cause fever, rash, an eschar and organ complications.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideFood Poisoning
Sudden digestive illness after contaminated food or drink, usually causing vomiting, diarrhoea and cramps.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDiabetes Mellitus
A chronic disorder in which blood glucose remains high because insulin is insufficient or does not work effectively.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideObesity
Excess body fat that increases risk of diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver, joint and heart disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAsthma
A chronic inflammatory airway condition causing reversible episodes of wheeze, cough and breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideCOPD
A chronic lung disease, often related to smoking, that causes persistent airflow limitation and breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePneumonia
Infection of lung tissue that can cause fever, cough, chest pain and low oxygen.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcute Bronchitis
Short-term inflammation of the breathing tubes, usually viral, causing cough and chest congestion.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideChronic Bronchitis
Long-standing productive cough caused by chronic airway irritation, commonly associated with smoking and COPD.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis affecting the lungs, commonly causing prolonged cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideInterstitial Lung Disease
A group of disorders causing inflammation or scarring of lung tissue and progressive breathlessness.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePulmonary Embolism
A blood clot blocking an artery in the lungs, often causing sudden breathlessness and chest pain.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideRespiratory Failure
A critical condition in which the lungs cannot maintain enough oxygen or remove carbon dioxide.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuideGastritis
Inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining causing upper-abdominal discomfort, nausea or burning.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcidity
A common term for acid-related upper-digestive symptoms such as burning, sour belching or indigestion.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideGERD
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease—repeated backward flow of stomach contents causing heartburn or regurgitation.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuidePeptic Ulcer Disease
An open sore in the stomach or first part of the small intestine, commonly linked to H. pylori or painkillers.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideFatty Liver
Excess fat stored in the liver, commonly associated with obesity, diabetes, abnormal lipids or alcohol.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideViral Hepatitis
Liver inflammation caused by hepatitis viruses, with severity and duration depending on the virus.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideLiver Cirrhosis
Advanced permanent scarring of the liver that can lead to fluid retention, bleeding, jaundice and confusion.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcute Gastroenteritis
Sudden infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines causing diarrhoea, vomiting and cramps.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideConstipation
Infrequent, hard or difficult bowel movements; persistent or new symptoms may need evaluation.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideDiarrhoea
Frequent loose stools caused by infection, medicines, food intolerance or bowel disease.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuidePancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe upper-abdominal pain and often requiring admission.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideChronic Kidney Disease
Long-term reduction in kidney function, commonly caused by diabetes or hypertension.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideIron Deficiency Anaemia
Anaemia caused by insufficient iron, often related to blood loss, diet, pregnancy or absorption problems.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideVitamin B12 Deficiency
Low vitamin B12 causing anaemia and sometimes numbness, balance or memory symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideThalassaemia
An inherited haemoglobin disorder ranging from mild trait to severe transfusion-dependent anaemia.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideThrombocytopenia
A low platelet count that may increase bruising or bleeding risk depending on severity and cause.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLeukemia
Cancer of blood-forming cells causing abnormal white cells and effects on normal blood production.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic system that may cause persistent lymph-node swelling, fever, night sweats or weight loss.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideBleeding Disorders
Inherited or acquired conditions that impair clotting and cause excessive or prolonged bleeding.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideFibromyalgia
A chronic pain-processing disorder causing widespread pain, fatigue, poor sleep and cognitive symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideFatigue
Persistent physical or mental tiredness not fully relieved by rest.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideWeight Loss
Unintended reduction in body weight that may reflect dietary, hormonal, infectious, digestive or malignant disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideSwelling of Legs
Fluid accumulation in one or both legs caused by veins, heart, kidney, liver, thyroid or local disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideLoss of Appetite
Reduced desire to eat caused by infection, digestive, liver, metabolic, mood or serious systemic disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideJaundice
Yellowing of eyes or skin from raised bilirubin due to liver, bile-duct or blood disorders.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideExecutive Health Check-up
A broad physician-led preventive assessment tailored to age, sex, lifestyle and medical risk.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDiabetes Screening
Early identification of prediabetes or diabetes and assessment of associated risk.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHypertension Screening
Accurate blood-pressure measurement and cardiovascular risk review.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCardiac Risk Assessment
Evaluation of factors that increase the future risk of heart attack or stroke.
CardiologyOpen page →Medical GuideSenior Citizen Health Check-up
Age-appropriate review of chronic disease, medicines, mobility, cognition and preventive needs.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideWomen’s Health Screening
Preventive assessment tailored to women’s health, reproductive stage and age-related risks.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →Medical GuideMen’s Health Screening
Preventive review of metabolic, heart, urinary and age-related health risks.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideVaccination Services
Assessment and administration of age- and risk-appropriate vaccines when available.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideSmoking Cessation Clinic
Evidence-based support to stop tobacco and reduce lung, heart and cancer risk.
PulmonologyOpen page →Symptom GuideRenal & Urinary Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in renal & urinary symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePrediabetes
Blood glucose above the healthy range but not yet meeting diabetes criteria; progression can often be reduced.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDiabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A dangerous diabetes emergency caused by severe insulin deficiency and acid buildup.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS)
A severe high-glucose emergency with profound dehydration, usually in type 2 diabetes.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHypoglycaemia
Blood glucose that is too low, causing sweating, tremor, confusion or loss of consciousness.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideMetabolic Syndrome
A cluster of abdominal obesity, high glucose, blood pressure and abnormal lipids that raises cardiovascular risk.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHigh Cholesterol
Raised blood fats that can contribute to artery narrowing and cardiovascular disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHyperuricaemia
A raised uric-acid level that may be symptom-free or contribute to gout and kidney stones.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideGout
Inflammatory arthritis caused by uric-acid crystals, often producing sudden severe joint pain.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHypertension
Persistently raised blood pressure that can silently damage the heart, brain, kidneys and blood vessels.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHigh Blood Pressure
Another common term for hypertension—blood pressure repeatedly above the recommended range.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCoronary Artery Disease
Narrowing of arteries that supply the heart muscle, usually due to cholesterol-containing plaque.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAngina
Chest discomfort caused by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHeart Attack
Sudden damage to heart muscle from a blocked coronary artery.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHeart Failure
A condition in which the heart cannot pump or fill efficiently, causing breathlessness, fatigue and fluid retention.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideArrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms that may be too fast, slow or irregular.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePalpitations
Awareness of the heartbeat as racing, pounding, fluttering or skipped beats; causes range from benign to serious.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that may impair pumping, relaxation or rhythm.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePericarditis
Inflammation of the sac around the heart, often causing sharp chest pain.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideUrinary Tract Infection
Infection of the bladder or urinary system causing burning, frequency and sometimes fever or flank pain.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideAcute Kidney Injury
A sudden fall in kidney function due to dehydration, infection, obstruction, medicines or critical illness.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideNephrotic Syndrome
A kidney-filter disorder causing heavy protein loss in urine, swelling and low blood protein.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideGlomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney filters, sometimes causing blood in urine, swelling and high blood pressure.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideElectrolyte Disorders
Abnormal sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium levels that may affect muscles, brain and heart rhythm.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideKidney Stones (Medical Management)
Non-surgical evaluation and treatment of selected urinary stones using hydration, pain control and medicines when safe.
NephrologyOpen page →Medical GuideHypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid hormone production causing fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance and slowing of body functions.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideHyperthyroidism
Excess thyroid hormone causing weight loss, heat intolerance, tremor and fast heartbeat.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideGoitre
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by nodules, inflammation, iodine imbalance or hormone disorder.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideThyroid Nodules
Lumps within the thyroid that are usually benign but require risk-based evaluation.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAdrenal Disorders
Conditions causing too little or too much adrenal hormone, affecting blood pressure, salt, sugar and stress response.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuidePituitary Disorders
Disorders of the master hormone gland that may affect growth, periods, fertility, thyroid, adrenal and water balance.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideRheumatoid Arthritis
An autoimmune inflammatory disease causing persistent symmetrical joint pain, swelling and morning stiffness.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideOsteoarthritis
Degeneration of joint cartilage and related structures causing pain, stiffness and reduced movement.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAnkylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory arthritis mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, often beginning in younger adults.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideSystemic Lupus Erythematosus
An autoimmune disease that may affect skin, joints, kidneys, blood, lungs or nervous system.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideVasculitis
Inflammation of blood vessels that can reduce blood supply to skin, nerves or internal organs.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideOsteoporosis
Loss of bone strength that increases the risk of fractures, often without symptoms until a fracture occurs.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideCough
A protective reflex that clears the airways but may signal infection, allergy, asthma, reflux or lung disease.
PulmonologyOpen page →Medical GuidePalpitations
Awareness of fast, pounding, fluttering or skipped heartbeats.
CardiologyOpen page →Medical GuideVertigo
A spinning or motion sensation commonly arising from the inner ear but sometimes from neurological disease.
NeurologyOpen page →Medical GuideWeakness
Reduced energy or muscle strength that may be generalised or affect one part of the body.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideAbdominal Pain
Pain anywhere between the chest and groin with digestive, urinary, gynaecological, metabolic or surgical causes.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideDiarrhoea
Frequent loose stools, often infectious but also caused by medicines, diet or bowel disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideConstipation
Hard, infrequent or difficult bowel movements caused by diet, medicines, inactivity, metabolic or bowel disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideBlood in Urine
Red or microscopic blood in urine caused by infection, stone, prostate, kidney or urinary-tract disease.
UrologyOpen page →Medical GuideJoint Pain
Pain in one or more joints caused by injury, degeneration, inflammation, infection or metabolic disease.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →Medical GuideBody Pain
Generalised muscle and joint aching often caused by viral illness, exertion, sleep problems or systemic disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideBack Pain
Pain arising from muscles, discs, joints, bones, nerves or referred organ disease.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →Medical GuideDifficulty Swallowing
Trouble moving food or liquid from mouth to stomach due to throat, nerve or food-pipe disease.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Medical GuideFrequent Urination
Passing urine more often than usual due to fluid intake, diabetes, infection, bladder or prostate disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideConfusion
New difficulty thinking, understanding or staying oriented, especially important in older or acutely ill patients.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideNumbness
Reduced or absent sensation from nerve pressure, neuropathy, stroke, vitamin or metabolic disease.
NeurologyOpen page →Medical GuideTingling
Pins-and-needles sensation due to temporary pressure, nerve, vitamin, metabolic or neurological disease.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Medical GuideDifficulty Walking
Impaired walking caused by pain, weakness, balance, nerve, joint, heart or lung disease.
NeurologyOpen page →DepartmentGastroenterology
Medical care for the digestive system, liver and related disorders.
GastroenterologyOpen page →DepartmentHepatology & Liver Care
Evaluation and medical management of liver, biliary and related metabolic conditions.
Hepatology & Liver CareOpen page →DepartmentNephrology
Medical evaluation of kidney function, electrolyte disorders and chronic kidney disease.
NephrologyOpen page →Clinical CaseSevere ARDS Supported with Lung-Protective Ventilation
Severe respiratory failure was managed with structured ventilator care, infection treatment and continuous organ-support monitoring.
Open page →Clinical CaseSevere Snake-Bite Envenomation Managed as a Medical Emergency
Progressive envenomation was recognised early and managed with protocol-based antivenom, organ monitoring and critical-care readiness.
Open page →Clinical CaseHigh-Risk Pregnancy with Severe Preeclampsia
Severe pregnancy-related hypertension was managed through maternal stabilisation, fetal assessment and coordinated delivery planning.
Open page →Hospital ServiceLiver Disease Clinic
Medical follow-up for fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis and abnormal liver tests.
Open page →Hospital ServiceChronic Kidney Disease Clinic
Long-term monitoring and risk management for chronic kidney disease.
Open page →Hospital ServiceGeriatric Medicine Clinic
Coordinated medical assessment for older adults with multiple health concerns.
Open page →Hospital ServiceSenior Citizen Health Package
Preventive evaluation adapted to common health risks in older adults.
Open page →Symptom GuideRespiratory Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in respiratory symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Symptom GuideCardiovascular Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in cardiovascular symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Symptom GuideGastrointestinal Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in gastrointestinal symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Symptom GuideNeurological Symptoms
Common symptoms and conditions in neurological symptoms.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →Symptom GuideInfectious Disease Presentations
Common symptoms and conditions in infectious disease presentations.
General Medicine & Internal MedicineOpen page →DepartmentCardiology
Heart consultation and non-invasive cardiac diagnostics.
CardiologyOpen page →DepartmentJoint Replacement Clinic
Evaluation, surgery and rehabilitation planning for advanced hip and knee disease.
Joint Replacement ClinicOpen page →DepartmentHigh-Risk Pregnancy Clinic
Closer antenatal monitoring for pregnancies needing specialised medical or obstetric attention.
High-Risk Pregnancy ClinicOpen page →DepartmentNeonatology
Newborn assessment and coordinated care immediately after delivery.
NeonatologyOpen page →DepartmentPain Management Clinic
Multidisciplinary evaluation for persistent, post-operative and musculoskeletal pain.
Pain Management ClinicOpen page →DepartmentDietetics & Clinical Nutrition
Nutrition guidance tailored to medical conditions, recovery and preventive health.
Dietetics & Clinical NutritionOpen page →ProcedureLaparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Keyhole removal of the gallbladder for selected symptomatic gallstone disease.
Laparoscopic & Minimally Invasive SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureOpen Cholecystectomy
Gallbladder removal through a larger abdominal incision when an open approach is safer.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureFissure Surgery (Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy)
A small procedure to reduce anal spasm in a chronic fissure.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureModified Radical Mastectomy
Removal of the breast and selected underarm lymph nodes when indicated for cancer care.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureLymph Node Biopsy
Removal of part or all of a lymph node for diagnosis.
General SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureDiagnostic Laparoscopy
Keyhole inspection of the abdomen or pelvis when diagnosis remains uncertain.
Laparoscopic & Minimally Invasive SurgeryOpen page →ProcedureTendon Reconstruction
Reconstruction of a tendon when direct repair is not possible.
Orthopaedics & TraumaOpen page →ProcedureShoulder Arthroscopy
Keyhole evaluation and treatment of selected shoulder conditions.
Arthroscopy & Sports Injury ClinicOpen page →ProcedureCystoscopy
Camera examination of the urethra and bladder.
UrologyOpen page →ProcedureNormal Delivery
Vaginal birth supported by maternal and fetal monitoring.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →ProcedureInstrumental Delivery
Assisted vaginal birth using forceps or vacuum when clinically appropriate.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →ProcedureTotal Abdominal Hysterectomy
Removal of the uterus through an abdominal incision.
Obstetrics & GynaecologyOpen page →ProcedureColonoscopy
Camera examination of the large intestine.
GastroenterologyOpen page →Hospital ServiceInfectious Disease Clinic
Medical evaluation of suspected or confirmed infections.
Open page →Hospital ServiceLifestyle Disease Clinic
Integrated care for obesity, diabetes, hypertension and related risks.
Open page →Hospital ServiceHealth Education
Patient-friendly information about disease, treatment, prevention and recovery.
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